lung cancer / Kanker Paru / CA Paru

CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

1.1. Background

Different terms of contamination and cross-infection should be distinguished. Contamination is the exposure of a person by a microorganism and has not caused an infection, whereas cross-infection is transmitting the disease from one person to another generally through an intermediate medium.

Common pathways of microorganisms in dentist practice may occur in the following ways:

1. Direct contact with infected lesions, saliva and infected blood
2. Indirect contact through the transfer of microorganisms from contaminated intermediate objects
3. Splashing blood, saliva or secretions from the nasopharynx directly on the skin or mucosa that is scuffed or utuj
4. Aerosols, the spread of microorganisms through the air.

The possibility of spread of transmission in dentist practice can be through:

1. From patient to dentist, dental nurse, dental technician.

Transmission of HIV from the patient to the dentist generally occurs due to treatment actions that cause injury to the mucosa of the mouth, tongue and blood can go inside by the wound / aberation of the dentist's hand.

2. From patient to another patient

Transmission can occur through contaminated dentifrice such as syringes, bur, sonde, etc.

3.From dentist to patient

1.2. Formulation of the problem
1. What does cross-infection mean?
2. What are the efforts to prevent cross-infection?

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1. Definition / Definition of Cross Infection
Definition Infection is the body's reaction to the entry of microorganisms as the cause of the disease.

Distinguished terms of contamination and cross-infection terms should be distinguished. The meaning of contamination is the exposure of a person by microorganism and has not caused an infection. Understanding Cross-infection is the transmission of disease from one person to another, usually through an intermediary. Intermediary media of transmission of infectious microorganisms may occur by direct contact with eg by mouth and blood. Indirect contact, can be through an object contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, which generally occur because the instrument used is not sterile.

Prevention of infection is an action taken to minimize the entry of microorganisms into the body including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Definitions related to infection prevention include:

A. Antisepsis is the process of reducing the number of microorganisms on the skin, lining membrane, or other tissues using anti-microbial (anti septic).

B. Asepsis and aseptic techniques are all efforts undertaken to prevent the entry of microorganisms into the body and have the potential to cause infection. The purpose of the asepsis is to reduce back to the safe level of the number of microorganisms on the surface of life (skin and tissue) and dead objects (dentistry tools, surgical instruments and other articles).

C. Decontamination is the process that makes the device safer to handle.

D. High level disinfection is the process of removing all microorganisms except for some endospores in tools by boiling, steaming or using chemical disinfection.

E. Cleaning or washing of the appliance is the process of physically removing all the dust, blood or other dirt, visible on objects or tools and removing or removing a number of microorganisms to reduce the risk for those who touch the skin or who handle the device.

Understanding the principle of infection prevention:

 An attempt made to prevent the risk of transmission of micro-organism infections from the client's environment and health personnel (Nakes)

Understanding of infection:

 anti-microorganism interactions with vulnerable host through the code of transmission, microorganisms can occur through blood, air, direct contact with certain germs

Aim :

 Part of the quality of health services

 Preventing cross-infection in clinical procedures such as episiotomy, injecting, internal examination or Cesarean section

 Reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases such as Hepatitis B and AIDS

 Reduce the occurrence of infection

 Provide protection to clients, nakes

Standard Precautionary App

 Everyone can be a source of infection

 Cultivate hand washing

 Use protective barriers (eg shoes, masks, eyeglasses, surgical gowns, gloves)

 Aseptic and antiseptic use

 Processing instruments to be safe to use

 Culture is safe in every procedure

 Inadequate management of hazardous waste

2.2. Efforts to Prevent Cross Infection
1. Recalling the possibility of infection, nosocomial due to the behavior of hospital personnel
2. Must comply with established service procedures
3. Increased opersonil ability
4. Monitoring of occurrence of nosocomial infection
Component of disease process:
1. Reservoir
2. The cause of the disease
3. Access road
4. How to get the cause of the disease from ho
5. Host sensitivity
Infection Prevention Measures:
1. Wash hands
2. Wear gloves
3. Wear protective equipment
4. Using aseptic techniques
5. Processing used equipment
6. Handle sharp equipment safely
7. Maintain cleanliness and neatness environment and proper waste disposal.
The most important aspect is hand washing There are 2 categories of organisms in Hand that is:
1 Resident Organism: The organism is not permanently lost.
Examples are: S.aureus
2 Transient organisms: these organisms are caused by direct contact so easily by hand washing effectively.
Examples are: E.Colli bacteria.
What should be used to wash hands are:
 Regular hand decontamination
 Skin disinfection (handyclean)
 Hand wash Use soap, clean water flows 10-15 seconds and use a personal towel or tissue Alternatively, use an alcohol-glycerin rinse (provided the hands are not physically dirty) Alcohol / Glycerin Solution
 Add 2 ml of glycerine to 100 ml of 60-90% alcohol solution.
 Pour as much as 3 to 5 ml and rub it on both hands for 2-5 minutes, it takes a total of 6-10 ml for the whole process.
Some terms used to prevent infection:
1. Asepsis:
Is a general term used to describe a combination effort to prevent the entry of microorganisms into the areAny body that often causes infection The goal: To eradicate the number of microorganisms on the surface of life (skin and tissues and dead objects (surgical instruments and other items)
2. Sterilization It is the action taken to remove all microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses) including bacterial endospores in inanimate objects or instruments by means of high-pressure hot steam (autoclave), oven heat, chemical sterilan or radiation.
3. High Level DisinfectionA is the action undertaken to remove all microorganisms except bacterial endospores in inanimate by boiling, steaming or using chemical disinfectants.
4. DisinfectantA is a chemical that kills or inactivates microorganisms. Examples of disinfectant solutions:
1. 0.5% Whitening Chlorine: for wide surface decontamination.
2. Chlorine 0.1%: for chemical DTT.
Glutaraldehyde 2%: used for chemical DTT or chemical sterilization and usually expensive.

5. DecontaminationA is the process that makes the object die and safer handled staff before it is cleaned (activate and reduce HBV, HIV but not eradicate) 6. Cleaning is an action taken to remove all blood, body fluids, foreign substances from the skin or instrument.Here understanding of infection in pregnancy: Is: the entry of pathogenic microorganisms into the body of pregnant women, which then causes the emergence of signs or symptoms of disease.Masalah infection in Pregnancy namely:
 infection in pregnancy, childbirth and childbirth
. The wide variety of causal microorganisms and the wide range of symptom variations.
 Morbidity of the mother and fetus. Handling Effort:
  Prevention efforts are the most beneficial way
 Recognize specific symptoms and types of examinations.
 Establish the diagnosis as early as possible
 Perform isolation of transmission and counseling when the disease is contagious  Choose the most effective but safe therapy for the mother and fetus.
 If necessary, do hospitalization.statiliation and immediately address any complications.
 Provide supportive therapy and self-care process


CHAPTER III
COVER

3.1. Conclusion

Prevention of infection is the most beneficial way to avoid susceptible to disease and immune can be maintained from various kinds of diseases. To maintain the immune system we can do in various ways, such as:

 Wash hands
 Wear protective equipment
 Processing used equipment
 Maintain cleanliness
 Handle sharp equipment safely.

3.2. Suggestion

To the readers, especially students Akper Pemda to be more careful in maintaining personal hygiene, because germs and diseases can not be detected by eye sight so that if we are in direct contact with anything we should wash tanagn first.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Prawirohardjo Sarwono..JAKARTA: Yayasan Bina Pustaka, 2002.

Tietjen L, Bossemeyer, D and McIntosh N. Infection Prevention Guidelines for Health Care Facilities with Limited Resources. Jakarta: Yayasan Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo; 2004.